Medical Sains : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian

REVIEW: A STUDY ON THE USE OF GOTU KOLA EXTRACT (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) AS A TREATMENT FOR ACNE

2023-10-24T09:32:14+00:00

Acne is an inflammatory skin condition caused by sebaceous follicles and characterized by skin inflammation in the form of a buildup of bacteria and oil that clogs pores and causes acne. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., often known as gotu kola, has antibacterial properties that inhibit Propionibacterium acnes, thereby reducing papules, pustules, and nodules. Antioxidants, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid found in gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) can treat wounds. Skin damaged by acne can be repaired and rejuvenated with gotu kola antioxidants, which also help collagen formation more quickly in the skin. This research aims to examine the ability of gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.) extract to inhibit acne-causing bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes) resulting from a literature review. This research method is a literature review or literature review. Research journals that met the inclusion criteria (activity test results suppressing bacterial growth activity) were collected, and a journal summary was made. A summary of the research journals is included in the table sorted by the year of publication of the journal. Based on the results of a literature review carried out by researchers, Gotu kola can be extracted using the maceration method by soaking the plant material in an extraction solvent such as ethanol or water for a specified time. This process was used to remove the active components from the plant material. The inhibition zone formed was evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the extracts or preparations containing gotu kola extract in preventing bacterial growth ...

FORMULASI SEDIAAN FACE WASH EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera L.) DAN EKSTRAK BIJI KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora P.) DALAM SEDIAAN GEL DAN CAIR

2023-06-14T09:57:40+00:00

Sediaan pembersih wajah (face wash) berfungsi untuk membersihkan sekaligus mencegah timbulnya masalah kulit wajah. Penambahan bahan aktif berupa ekstrak daun kelor dan ekstrak biji kopi diharapkan akan meningkatkan manfaat sediaan face wash tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui jenis sediaan yang paling optimal antara sediaan gel dan cair serta variasi komposisi yang optimal antara kedua ekstrak dalam formulasi face wash. Face wash diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan gel dan cair dengan variasi komposisi ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) dan ekstrak biji kopi robusta (Coffea canephora P.) secara berturut-turut yaitu 1:1, 1:2, 2:1. Sediaan dievaluasi berdasarkan parameter organoleptis, pH, viskositas, tinggi busa dan stabilitas busa serta daya hambat terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Data yang diperoleh kemudian di analisa Two Way Anova dalam aplikasi SPSS versi 23. Berdasarkan uji diketahui bahwa face wash gel lebih baik pada uji organoleptis, pH, tinggi busa dan stabilitas busa, viskositas dan daya hambat terhadap bakteri. Peningkatan komposisi ekstrak biji kopi robusta menyebabkan peningkatan pH pada jenis sediaan face wash gel maupun cair. Berdasarkan data maka dapat disimpulkan jenis sediaan face wash gel pada varian komposisi zat aktif ekstrak biji kopi robusta 10% dan ekstrak daun kelor 20% lebih baik dan paling sesuai standar yang ditetapkan SNI (Standar Nasional Indonesia).

Kata kunci : Face wash, Ekstrak daun kelor, Ekstrak kopi robusta, gel

EFFECT OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT POWER OF WATER EXTRACT, ETHANOL AND CHLOROFORM OF GREEN TEA LEAVES (Camellia sinensis L)

2023-10-24T10:18:04+00:00

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) was originally used as a refresh drink. Tea has many benefits, especially for health and beauty. The most widely used tea in the market is green tea, because its properties can be used as a daily drink to improve the quality of life in carrying out daily activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the relationship between total phenolic and total flavonoid levels in water extract (EA), ethanol (EE), and chlorophorom (EK) of green tea leaves on antioxidant power. This experimental study used the extraction method, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis using the colorimetric method, and antioxidant power using the DPPH method. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPPS and Microsoft Excel. The results obtained in The extraction process yielded extracts: EA (21.44%), EE (11.20 %), and EK (3.58 %). Qualitative analysis of flavonoid and phenolic compounds in all the extracts revealed the presence of these compounds. In the total phenolic test, the levels were: 229.07 ± 0.99 (EA); 573.70 ± 3.93 (EE); 45.27 ± 0.73 mg/g (EK) GAE (Galic Acid Equivalent). Meanwhile, the flavonoid content was 13.10 ± 0.31 (EA); 40.49 ± 0.67 (EE); 20.94 ± 0.50 mg/g (EK) QE (Quercetin Equivalent). The antioxidant results have an IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) value of 34.64 ± 0.74 (EA); 7.02 ± 0.15 (EE); 99.11 ± 1.23; positive control 5.94 ± 0.07 µg/mL (vitamin C) ...

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE FRAP PADA EKSTRAK BUTANOL DAUN JATI (Tectona grandis)

2023-11-20T07:51:22+00:00

Indonesia memiliki banyak tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Pengobatan tradisional dengan menggunakan bahan alam telah dilakukan secara turun. Tanaman daun jati (Tectona grandis) bisa digunakan sebagai antibakteri, antioksidan, dan antitoksik karena mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti tanin, antrakuinon, fenolik, antosianin, alkaloid, flavonoid, dan naftoquinon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak butanol dari daun jati (Tectona grandis). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang melibatkan pembuatan dua ekstrak daun jati menggunakan pelarut butanol dengan metode maserasi. Evaluasi dilakukan secara kualitatif (standarisasi dan uji tabung) dan kuantitatif menggunakan metode antioksidan FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak butanol dari daun jati (Tectona grandis) memenuhi persyaratan standarisasi, yaitu memiliki kadar air 9,76% butanol, kadar abu 12,9% butanol, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,7% butanol, serta mengandung saponin, polifenol, dan flavonoid. Nilai Inhibition Concentration 50 (IC₅₀) untuk aktivitas antioksidan adalah 70,848 ppm dan 80,893 ppm, yang termasuk kategori kuat. Oleh karena itu, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak butanol dari daun jati (Tectona grandis) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat.

Kata kunci : Daun Jati, Antioksidan, FRAP

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Homotrigona fimbriata PROPOLIS EXTRACT

2023-10-18T11:25:16+00:00

Antioxidant compounds have a role in protecting the body from free radicals, Propolis from Homotrigona fimbriata species is widely used as an alternative to natural healing in East Kalimantan. The secondary metabolite compounds in propolis contain many flavonoids and phenolic compounds. These compounds can be utilized to fight free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant content of stingless bee (Homotrigona fimbriata) propolis extract. This was a quantitative study of the antioxidant potential of propolis extract. The benchmark antioxidant activity was measured based on its ability to counteract free radicals using the DPPH method. The results of this study showed the presence of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins as well as antioxidant activity of Homotrigona fimbriata propolis extract with a value of 95,8 ppm as strong category. This can be caused by differences in geographical location, and various resins found in the trees around the beehive will affect antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Homotrigona fimbriata, antioxidant, stingless bee

DETERMINATION ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS CONTENT, OF JUNGRAHAB LEAVES (Baeckea frutescens L.)

2023-12-28T09:35:27+00:00

Medicinal plants are widely used to treat various diseases, and one of the reasons for this is the safety of medicinal plants. The active compounds in medicinal plants include phenolics and flavonoids, which are known to have antioxidant activity. Antioxidants play an essential role in the body's defense against various diseases because they prevent the negative effects of free radicals. Jungrahab (Baeckea frutescens L.) is a medicinal plant containing phenolics and flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of jungrahab leaf extracts using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results showed the antioxidant activity of the extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane of jungrahab leaves with IC₅₀ values of 12.62, 61.74, 60.66, and 63.99 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, jungrahab extract has a total phenolic content of 52.40 mg GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalent)/g and a flavonoid content of 56.72 mg QE (Quercetin Equivalent)/g. Jungrahab extract showed strongest antioxidant category compared to its fractions.

Keywords: phenolics content, flavonoids content, antioxidant activity, DPPH, jungrahab

THE EFFECT OF PANDEMIC IN WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WTP) FOR NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE MONTHLY FEE AS INDEPENDENT PARTICIPANTS: A SURVEY IN SEMARANG

2023-11-01T05:57:24+00:00

Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) is mandatory for every Indonesian. Some of them have to be independent participantswho need to pay the monthly fee by themselves. The monthly fee has fluctuated since 2014, and right before the COVID-19 pandemic. This research aimed to determine the willingness to pay for the independent participants before and during the pandemic using an online survey. Results showed that of 34 participants from Semarang, most of them have 2 members of the family (31%), 3 (26%), 5 (14%) 4 (9%) and need to pay for themselves only (17%). Most of them become second-class members (40%), first-class (31%), and third-class (26%). The willingness to pay during the pandemic was lower for all type of memberships significantly (p <0,05) and if the membership fee was raised by 10%, 20%, and 30 %, the rejection was increased (74%, 89%, and 94%). Most of the participants agreed that the pandemic has impacted their economic situation so they considered choosing a lower class because they did not only choose the type of membership based on the benefits but also the amount of the monthly fee.

Keywords: willingness to pay, COVID-19, national health insurance

EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHOD ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PALM PALM LEAVES (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

2023-12-05T03:37:43+00:00

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plant that is native to Africa and South America. This plant can grow well in tropical areas, such as Indonesia. Indonesia is currently one of the largest producers of palm oil worldwide. As the area of palm oil plantations increases, the potential for waste from this plant continues to increase. The potential for palm oil leaf waste production in Indonesia is 658 kg dry matter/hectare/year. Palm oil leaf waste has been widely processed into organic fertilizers and animal feeds. This plant has the potential to be developed into a source of traditional medicinal ingredients. Based on the abundant sources of palm oil leaves and their pharmacological potential, palm oil leaves can be used as a source of raw materials for traditional medicine. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activities of oil palm leaf extracts obtained by maceration and reflux to determine which extraction method produces the best antioxidant activity. Extraction was carried out using 70% ethanol solvent by maceration and reflux. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that oil palm leaves contain flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, quinones, steroid-triterpenoids, and monoterpene-sesquiterpenes. Antioxidant activity using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer with DPPH free radicals showed that the extract obtained by maceration and reflux methods had IC₅₀ values of 46.61 ± 1.76 ug/mL and 55.21 ± 2.91 ug/mL respectively. Therefore, extraction by maceration produces a better antioxidant activity.

Keywords: Palm leaves; Traditional medicine; Extraction; Active compound stability; Antioxidant

THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS ON DRUG CLASSIFICATION KNOWLEDGE IN WANAR VILLAGE COMMUNITIES, PUCUK SUB-DISTRICT, LAMONGAN DISTRICT

2023-09-07T10:50:51+00:00

Drugs registered in Indonesia are classified into six drug classes, including over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, cautionary labeling required, prescription drugs, jamu, standardised herbal medicines, and fitofarmaka. Inadequate community knowledge about drug classes has implications for irrational medication. This study aimed to determine the effect of education interventions on community knowledge about the classification of drugs registered in Indonesia. The study was performed using pre-experimental pre-post intervention studies with 55 respondents, and the questionnaire was validated. Factors that affect the level of knowledge of respondents include age, education, and gender (p-value <0.05). Education interventions can increase community knowledge related to the classification of drugs in the community of Wanar Village, Pucuk District, Lamongan Regency.

Keywords: Drug Classification, Education, Level of Knowledge

ARTICLE REVIEW: UTILIZATION OF CURCUMIN AS AN ANTI-CANCER AGENT

2024-01-12T06:19:09+00:00

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one area of the body can spread to other tissues and create more cancer cells, a disease known as cancer. Malignant cancer cells have the potential to become fatal. After cardiovascular disease, cancer is the second most common cause of mortality. Numerous cancer types exist, including stomach, liver, colorectal, lung, breast, and cervical cancers. More than 70% of cancer-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income nations, and the number of cancer-related deaths is predicted to rise steadily, hitting 11.5 million by 2030. Some of the resources utilized to look up information on curcumin's application as an anticancer agent are PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Most of the articles that were used were published between 2013 and 2023, or within the last ten years. These journals were found using the following keywords: "Curcumin," "Cancer," "Curcumin as an Anticancer," and "Utilization of Curcumin as an Anticancer Agent." Scholars from many nations have conducted comparable investigations on the application of curcumin as an anticancer agent. Furthermore, it has been established that curcumin directly inhibits cancer cells when used as an anticancer drug. This suggests that curcumin does have anticancer properties.

Keywords: Curcumin, Cancer, Curcumin as an Anticancer agent

THE ROLE OF MEDICATION LITERACY IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: A REVIEW

2023-12-04T01:57:01+00:00

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has become a major contributor to cardiovascular disease globally. Its prevalence continues to increase, necessitating intensive healthcare efforts. Medication literacy, or the skill of understanding and applying medication information, is crucial for chronic patients, including those with hypertension. However, there has been limited research on this topic, highlighting the need for a literature review of the levels and roles of literacy in the therapy of hypertensive patients. This study used a narrative review approach to analyze the findings of articles on medication literacy in hypertensive patients. This study employs a narrative review approach to analyze findings from various journals. The data were derived from articles focusing on medication literacy in hypertensive patients, identified through literature searches on PubMed from 2013 to 2023. The selected articles were published in international journals, have a full text, can provide data on the role of medication literacy in hypertensive patients, and use quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods research designs.Two studies included in the review originated from China. Both articles reported low literacy levels among hypertensive patients. Factors, such as education and income, can also influence literacy. These findings underscore the importance of improving medication literacy in hypertension management, emphasizing the need for better education and more effective development strategies. Both articles also emphasized the significance of medication literacy in the context of hypertension management; that is, they highlighted the need for improved medication literacy and provided evidence of the positive impact of medication literacy on blood pressure control...

FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TRANSDERMAL PATCH PREPARATIONS FROM THE EXTRACT OF PATAH TULANG (Euphorbia tirucalli)

2023-10-24T10:50:47+00:00

Transdermal patches are pharmaceutical preparations that aim to provide a drug delivery system across the surface of the skin and tissue, which is then delivered to the blood. is a plant that contains secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory activity, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, steroids, and saponins. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of anti-inflammatory transdermal patch preparations prepared from Euphorbia tirucalli extract. The research method was laboratory experimental by preparing patches using varying concentrations of Euphorbia tirucalli extract, namely F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). Next, an evaluation of patch preparation was carried out, including organoleptic tests, weight uniformity tests, thickness tests, fold durability tests, pH tests, and moisture tests. From the research results, it can be concluded that Euphorbia tirucalli extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% can be made into patch preparations. The best characteristics of the patch preparation were F2 with an extract concentration of 10%, which had a smooth, flexible texture, folding durability >300 folds, pH 4.5, and moisture value of 7.30%.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Euphorbia tirucalli, Transdermal patch

ANALYSIS OF NON-SPECIFIC STANDARDIZED PARAMETERS ON KUMIS KUCING LEAVES (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) PURPLE VARIETY

2023-11-25T00:08:31+00:00

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as a medicine is the purple variety of cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.). This study aims to examine the quality and safety of the purple variety of Cat’s Whiskers as a raw material for traditional medicine so that it meets the requirements of being free from heavy metal, microbial, and aflatoxin contamination. The results of setting the standardization parameters on the dry material of cat’s whiskers leaves obtained drying losses, water content, total ash content, and acid insoluble ash content, respectively 8.45 ± 0.68%; 6.67 ± 1.15 %; 8.70 ± 0.09 %; 1.31 ± 0.16 %. The results of testing for the heavy metals lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) on ??dry material and extracts were £ 0.0001 mg/kg. The results of testing the levels of microbial contamination in dry material and extracts obtained total bacteria 1.45x101 and 2.35x101 Cfu/gr, respectively. Test results for aflatoxin contamination on the dry material of Cat’s Whiskers leaves B1, B2, G1, G2 and total aflatoxin £ 0.50 ?g/kg and total aflatoxin £ 2 ?g/kg, respectively. The dried material and leaf extract of the purple variety of cat’s whiskers that were tested met the requirements stated in the regulation of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency number 32 of 2019 about traditional medicines' safety and quality requirements.

FORMULATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HERBAL TOOTHPASTE BASED ON ACEH TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

2023-10-14T19:45:17+00:00

This research is based on Acehnese traditional medicine containing betel leaf, areca nut, kencur rhizome, gambier sap, and clove buds. Traditionally, all parts of the plant are wrapped in betel leaf folds and chewed to maintain oral health. This study aimed to incorporate these ingredients into an herbal toothpaste and test its efficacy against bacteria that cause tooth decay, such as S. mutans and E. faecalis. Extracts from betel leaf, areca nut, aromatic ginger, gambier sap, and clove buds were used in this study. Based on variations in extract concentrations, three formulations were developed: F1, F2, and F3. In addition, F0 was the toothpaste base. The herbal toothpaste was light brown in color, homogeneous, semisolid, and had a characteristic betel leaf aroma, according to the evaluation results. The final product had a pH of 7.52–8.59, viscosity of 238.9–242.3 cP, and a foam height of 20 mm (F0), 11 mm (F1), 9 mm (F2), and 6 mm (F3). These values meet the toothpaste quality standard (SNI 112-3524-1995). While F1 showed moderate inhibition against S. mutans and E. faecalis in the antibacterial test, F2 and F3, showed high inhibition against S. mutans and moderate inhibition against E. faecalis. Based on these results, the optimal formula is F3 which has a larger inhibition diameter of 12.23 mm for S. mutans and 9.10 mm for E. faecalis. This herbal toothpaste can be developed to prevent oral candidiasis and gingivitis.

Keywords: herbal toothpaste, antibacterial activity, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMERS FOR PHENYLBUTAZONE EXTRACTION

2023-10-13T07:43:08+00:00

Phenylbutazone is a pharmaceutical substance often added to rheumatic herbs. However, because of the complexity of the matrix caused by the presence of compounds in herbal medicines, the determination of phenylbutazone requires a time-consuming sample preparation process prior to analysis. This study was conducted to develop a specific sorbent that can be used to prepare phenylbutazone in herbal medicine. The performance of phenylbutazone Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) was evaluated using three distinct porogens (ethanol, methanol, and methanol-chloroform (1:1)) and two polymerization procedures (bulk and precipitation). According to the results of the polymer optimization, the polymer generated by precipitation in methanol-chloroform (1:1) has good sorbent characteristics. FTIR physical characterization revealed complete polymerization. The bulk procedure produces a more physically stable sorbent than the precipitation method does.

Keywords: MIP Performance Evaluation, Phenylbutazone Molecular Imprinted Polymer, Polymer Imprinting Factor

REVIEW: PENGARUH ENKAPSULASI KURKUMIN TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN

2023-10-18T11:24:20+00:00

Kurkumin memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang rentan dipengaruhi oleh cahaya, pH, suhu, oksigen dan dapat bereaksi dengan senyawa lain. Enkapsulasi dapat melindungi senyawa bioaktif. Systematic literature review (SLR) merupakan sebuah pendekatan penelitian secara sistematis untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi dan menafsirkan semua studi yang relevan mengenai topik tertentu. Penelitian SLR ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh enkapsulasi kurkumin terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dan rekomendasi metode serta penyalut untuk enkapsulasi kurkumin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode SLR yang dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap yaitu perencanaan (planning) dengan menentukan elemen PICO, dataset, kata kunci pencarian, kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Tahap pengumpulan data (conducting) meliputi skrining data dari judul dan abstrak, seleksi teks lengkap, penilaian kualitas artikel serta analisis dan sintesis data. Tahap pelaporan (reporting) melaporkan hasil review. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan enkapsulasi mampu meningkatkan aktivitas antioksidan kurkumin. Kurkumin yang dienkapsulasi mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih baik daripada kurkumin yang tidak dienkapsulasi. Metode electrostatic complexation, dan penyalut alami laktoferin dan pektin adalah metode dan penyalut yang direkomendasikan untuk enkapsulasi kurkumin. Hal ini berdasarkan data enkapsulasi kurkumin dengan metode dan penyalut tersebut mempunyai karakteristik enkapsulasi yang baik dan aktivitas antioksidan paling tinggi.

Kata kunci: Systematic literature review, Kurkumin, Antioksidan, Enkapsulasi.

Tectona grandis Linn. : ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF THE FRACTIONS USING AN IN VIVO APPROACH

2023-11-27T08:51:34+00:00

The exploration of Tectona grandis Linn. from Indonesia, especially its use as an anti-diabetes agent is still quite limited. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic activity of the fractions from Tectona grandis Linn. leaves in male Rattus norvegicus. The animal blood glucose level was measured first as T0, then the animals were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) 40 mg/Kg BW to induce diabetes mellitus (DM), and then the blood was collected to determine the blood glucose level (T1). The animal was divided into six groups, namely normal group (NC) without treatment, positive control (K+) (DM+glibenclamide 5 mg), negative control (K-) (DM+NaCMC 0.5%), fractions group (DM+nHexane fraction (P1), DM+chloroform fraction (P2), and DM+ethyl acetate fraction (P3), each dose 300 mg/kg BW). The duration of treatment was 7 days, and at the end of treatment, the blood glucose levels were determined. The T0, T1, and T2 are analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD. The results obtained that the K+, P3, P2, and P1 groups were able to reduce the animals' blood glucose levels significantly (p<0.05), with the blood glucose levels are 97.01; 110.96; 129.38; and 111.46 mg/dL, respectively. The percentage of reduction in blood glucose level shows that the K+ group has the highest percentage at 66.8%, followed by the P3 group at 64.0%. The n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions showed similar effectiveness to glibenclamide in reducing blood glucose levels statistically (p>0.05). Consequently, Tectona grandis Linn ...

NANOPARTIKEL GELASI IONIK EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG POHON TIN (Ficus carica L.)

2023-01-16T10:44:14+00:00

Ekstrak bahan alami, seperti ekstrak dari kulit batang pohon tin (Ficus carica L), mengandung metabolit sekunder yang memiliki sifat polar. Diketahui bahwa bioavailabilitas ekstrak bahan alami cenderung rendah, sehingga sulit untuk menembus membran sel yang terdiri dari lapisan lipid. Penelitian nanopartikel gelasi ionik ekstrak kulit batang pohon tin (Ficus carica L) untuk penghantaran obat dalam menembus lapisan epidermis kulit belum pernah dilakukan penelitian. Sehingga akan dilakukan penelitian nanopartikel gelasi ionik ekstrak kulit batang pohon tin (Ficus carica L). Nanopartikel dibuat dengan menggunakan metode gelasi ionik, di mana tetesan cairan diinisiasi dalam fase minyak atau organik. Proses ini melibatkan pencampuran dua fase cair, yaitu fase yang mengandung kitosan dan fase yang mengandung anion multivalen. Simplisia kulit batang pohon tin (Ficus carica L) memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid, tanin, fenol dan triterpenoid, hal ini menunjukan bahwa benar kulit batang pohon tin (Ficus carica L) dapat digunakan juga dalam pengobatan dan ekstrak kulit batang pohon tin (Ficus carica L) dapat dibuat dalam sediaan nanopartikel sebagai bentuk modofikasi dalam penghantaran obatnya dengan metode gelasi ionik.

Kata kunci : nanopartikel, gelasi ionik, ficus carica

TEST ANTINFLAMMATION CAPSULE COMBINATION OF MORINGA LEAVES (Moringa oleifera L) AND KARUK LEAVES (Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Ex. Hunter) EXTRACT TEST AGAINST MICE (Mus musculus)

2024-01-22T04:13:47+00:00

Empirically utilized medicinal plants include Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera L) and Karuk leaves (Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Ex. Hunter). Moringa leaves contain active compounds, such as vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, tannins, saponins, and oxalates. The leaves of karuk contain polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of combination capsules of Moringa and Karuk leaf extracts in mice (Mus musculus). Anti-inflammatory agents are drugs that can suppress or reduce inflammation. The aim of the experimental method used in this study was to determine the optimal concentration for anti-inflammatory activity. Carrageenan as an inflammatory mediator in mouse paws. The anti-inflammatory test involved five groups of animals, each consisting of five mice. The negative control group received Na-CMC, the positive control group was administered diclofenac sodium, and the test samples involved a combination capsule of Moringa and Karuk leaf extract at doses of 350, 700, and 1,050 mg. Measurements were performed every hour for 6 hours after carrageenan induction. Data analysis employed the One-way ANOVA method to ascertain whether variations in the dose of the combination capsule of Moringa and Karuk leaf extracts affected anti-inflammatory activity in mice. The results indicate that the greatest inflammation inhibition occurs with the 1,050 mg dose, resulting in 23% inhibition, followed by 22% at 700 mg and 13% at 350 mg. Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.048, which was less than 0.05. This suggests a significant difference in the anti-inflammatory activity among the test groups ...

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KERSEN LEAF (Muntingia calabura L.) TOWARDS Escherichia coli BACTERIA

2023-10-31T10:03:14+00:00

Escherichia coli is a bacteria that causes infection. In Indonesia, it has been reported that Escherichia coli is resistant to several types of antibiotics; therefore, other alternatives are needed to inhibit the growth of this Escherichia coli. One alternative method is to use medicinal plants, such as cherry leaves, which contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins as antibacterials. Aim to determine the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) against Escherichia coli bacteria. The research used a post-test-only control group design. This study contained 7 groups: 1 positive control group, 1 negative control group, and 5 treatment groups. The treatment group consisted of an ethanol extract of cherry leaves with concentrations of 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, and 10%. The control group was a positive control (K(+) with co-trimoxazole and a negative control (K(-) namely dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 10%. The data used was One-way ANOVA. The results of this study were the average zone of inhibition. The largest is at a concentration of 10%, namely 6 mm, while the smallest average inhibition zone is at a concentration of 4%, namely 4.37 mm. Concentrations of 2% and 1% do not indicate the presence of an inhibition zone. From these results it is concluded that there are significant differences between The concentration of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Escherichia coli bacteria and the minimum inhibitory level of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Escherichia coli bacteria is at a concentration of 4% with an average inhibition zone of 4.37mm.

REVIEW: REVIEW ARTICLE LIPID-BASED NANOTECHNOLOGY

2023-12-13T23:15:08+00:00

Nanotechnology is defined as engineering the creation of materials, functions, and devices on the nanometer scale. Nanoscience is increasingly developing and becoming a part of various fields, such as electronics, materials, and biology. Lipid nanoparticles are a major application in nanotechnology. In formulas II and III, smaller results were obtained compared with the other formulas. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the nanostructured lipid carrier system with solid lipid poloxamer and stearic acid with liquid soybean oil lipids obtained good characteristics, and each test met the range. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that lipid-based nanotechnology has great potential in various fields such as medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. Its use can provide great benefits such as increasing the effectiveness of drug administration, increasing the absorption of nutrients in food, and developing cosmetic products. which one is safer and more effective. To compare several types of nanoparticle methods, such as Liposomes, Neosomes, Etosomes, SLN, and NLC for selection of the lipid base, namely NLC. It is important to ensure that the use and development of this technology are safe and beneficial for humans and the environment.

Keywords : Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Lipid-Based Nanoparticles

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI, KANDUNGAN TOTAL FENOL DAN ANALISIS KLT-BIOAUTOGRAFI EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT JAMUR ENDOFIT DAUN TERATAI (Nymphaea nouchali Brum. F)

2023-10-18T11:26:32+00:00

Jamur endofit merupakan mikroorganisme yang berada didalam jaringan inang tanaman, yang menghasilkan senyawa metabolit sekunder dengan bioaktifitas antibakteri. Ekstrak etil asetat jamur endofit daun teratai G1, G2, G3 dan G4 diperoleh dengan kultivasi menggunakan medium beras. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kandungan total fenol dan profil pemisahan komponen senyawa dalam menghambat aktivitas bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 dengan metode KLT-Bioautografi ekstrak etil asetat jamur G1, G2, G3 dan G4. Penentuan kandungan total fenol menggunakan metode Folin-ciocalteau dengan baku standar asam galat. Kandungan total fenol ekstrak etil asetat isolat jamur endofit G₁, G_2,G_3,G₄ berturut adalah 69,75 mg GAE/gram, 30,90 mg GAE/gram, 33,11 mg GAE/gram, 43,31 mg GAE/gram. Hasil analisis KLT ekstrak etil asetat G1, G2 G3 dan G4 memiliki profil pemisahan yang berbeda-beda, hasil uji KLT bioautografi diperoleh zona daya hambat dari beberapa Rf komponen dan teridentifikasi sebagai senyawa golongan fenol.

Kata kunci : folin ciocalteau; KLT; bioautografi; fenol.

LIQUID SOAP FORMULATION FROM ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CASSAVA LEAVES (Manihot esculenta Crantz) WITH COCAMIDE DEA AS SURFACTANT

2023-10-13T07:37:31+00:00

The ethanol extract of cassava leaves contains various secondary metabolites that have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella sp., and thus can be used as active ingredients in liquid soap preparation. Liquid soap formulations generally use sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant, which can cause irritation and skin dryness. This study aimed to formulate an ethanol extract from cassava leaves into a liquid soap preparation using cocamide DEA as a surfactant to reduce skin irritation. The study was conducted in an experimental laboratory. Cassava leaves were extracted by maceration using ethanol. Three liquid soap formulas from cassava leaf extract were developed with different extract concentrations: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). The liquid soaps were evaluated in terms of organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, foam height, and foam stability. The study showed that cassava leaves extract could be formulated into a homogeneous liquid soap with a pH range of 7.0–7.5, viscosity of 143.6–306.2 cps, foam height of 53.33–60.00 mm, and foam stability of 75.01–82.36%. F3 is the optimum formula with the best physical characteristics of the preparation in terms of organoleptic properties, foam height, and foam stability.

Keywords: cocamide DEA, cassava leaves, liquid soap, surfactant

FORMULATION OF PEEL-OFF GEL MASK OF COCOA SKIN EXTRACT (Theobroma cacao L) WITH VARIED CONCENTRATION GELLING AGENT

2023-10-20T08:19:51+00:00

Cocoa shells are waste from the plantation industry, with a fairly good potential source of energy and protein. The ethanol extract of cocoa shells contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. Cocoa shell extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 17.21 ppm and has sunscreen activity. This study aimed to determine the formulation and physical test of a peel-off gel mask with cocoa shell extract (Theobroma cacao L) and to determine its effect. The research method used was an experimental method with variations in the concentration of a combination of HPMC and PVA of 2%:10%, 3%:9%, 4%:8%, 5%:7%, and 0%:12%. The physical tests used on the peel-off gel mask with cocoa shell extract (Theobroma cacao L) included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, drying time, adhesiveness, viscosity, and cycling tests. Based on the results of the research carried out, peel-off gel mask has the characteristics of a brown color, a distinctive extract smell and a thick texture, homogeneous for F1 and F5, and not homogeneous for F2, F3, and F4, sticking force 4.53±0.24 seconds; 5.45±0.36 seconds; 8.94±0.64 seconds; 11.23±0.72 seconds; 3.87±0.70 seconds; spreadability 3.99 ± 0.18 cm; 3.33±0.31 cm; 3.47±0.78 cm; 3.32±0.50 cm; 3.05±0.42 cm; pH 6.17 ± 0.10; 6.16±0.03; 6.15±0.10; 6.11±0.05; 6.42±0.03; viscosity 19481.10±201.10; 20165.50±1.05; 20165.73±2.02; 20182.53±9.47; 14618.40±158.48. The physical stability of the gel mask preparations after treatment showed that the results of the peel-off gel mask preparations, F1 and F5, were stable.

Keywords: peel-off gel mask, cocoa shell, extract, gelling agent

THE APOPTOSIS INDUCTION OF Zingiber oficinale ETHANOLIC EXTRACT-Treated HeLa (HUMAN CERVICAL CANCER) CELLS AND ACTIVE COMPOUND PROFILING USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY

2023-11-17T06:27:49+00:00

Cervical cancer accounts for the highest percentage of cancer-related deaths in Indonesia, accounting for nearly 60% of all cancer cases. Therefore, research into the anticancer mechanisms needs to be conducted. The ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (EEZO) contains zingiberene, a chemical known for its anticancer activity. Understanding the mechanism underlying the apoptosis-inducing effects is crucial. This study aimed to elucidate the apoptotic pathway and analyze the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profile of EEZO cells. The research commenced with the maceration of Zingiber officinale rhizomes using 75% ethanol to obtain EEZO. Apoptosis assays were conducted on both a negative control group and an EEZO-treated group of HeLa cells (cervical cancer cells). The apoptotic mechanism was evaluated using forward scattered light-side scattered light (FSC-SSC), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FTIC), and phycoerythrin (PE) flow cytometry. Apoptotic results were analyzed by comparing the control and EEZO samples, which revealed the number of viable cells, apoptotic cells, and cells in the sub-G1 phase. The major constituent of EEZO, which is expected to be a potent apoptosis inducer, was detected using GC/MS. The FSC-SSC results indicated a lower number of viable cells in the EEZO-exposed group than in the control group. FTIC results demonstrated that EEZO significantly increased apoptotic cell death, increasing from 68 to 1537 cells. PE flow cytometry revealed an elevated sub-G1 cell population, indicating the induction of apoptosis by EEZO. GC/MS analysis revealed five dominant components in EEZO, which had the potential to induce apoptosis: L-borneol, zingiberene, farnesol, beta-sesquiphellandrene, and alpha-curcumene ...

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TESTS OF BANGKAL LEAF (Nauclea subdita Leaf.) SERUM EXTRACTS

2023-07-14T10:32:50+00:00

Bangkal leaves contain polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinone compounds that have the potential to act as antioxidants and antibacterial agents. To maximize the use of bangkal leaves, a cosmetic preparation, serum, was prepared. Serum is composed of 3 formulas: formula 1 (3% extract concentration), formula 2 (4% extract), and formula 3 (5% extract). Serum was tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) method at a wavelength of 518 nm. Ascorbic acid was used for comparison. Serum was also tested to evaluate its physical properties including organoleptics, pH, spreadability and viscosity. Antibacterial activity was determined using the well diffusion method. The research results showed that the IC₅₀ value of the extract was 171.18 ppm, the bangkal leaf extract serum preparation for formula I was 174.26 ppm, formula II was 209.97 ppm, and formula III was 237.91 ppm. The antibacterial activity of bangkal leaf extract serum (Nauclea subdita) against Staphylococcus aureus formulas 1, 2, and 3 had an average zone of inhibition of 10.67, 12.00, and 14 mm. Based on the antioxidant and antibacterial activity values, bangkal leaf extract serum has moderate antioxidant and antibacterial abilities.

Keywords : Bangkal leaf extract, antioxidant activity test, antibacterial test

FORMULATION AND IMMUNOMODULATORY BIOACTIVITY TEST OF NANOPARTICLE SYRUP OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF SUNGKAI LEAVES (Peronema canescens Jack)

2024-01-30T03:43:21+00:00

Sungkai plants are beneficial immunomodulators because of the presence of flavanoid compounds that increase oxygen radicals and antibody production. Pharmaceutical preparations function as immunomodulators, typically in the form of syrups, tablets, capsules, suspensions, and emulsions. Until now, there has been no nanoparticle syrup on the market, even though nanoparticle preparations have the advantage of modifying particle size, controlling the release of active ingredients to reach the active side, protecting drugs from degradation, reducing toxicity, and minimizing side effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the syrup of nanoparticles in the ethanol extract of Sungkai leaves acts as an immunomodulator and the stability of the preparation during storage. The methods used were experimental in the laboratory with extraction using the maceration method. The extract obtained was formulated into a nanoparticle solution using the ionic gelation method, then formulated into FO syrup (Base syrup) and F1 syrup (Nanoparticles of ethanol extract of sungkai leaves) and then carried out transmittance tests, particle size analyzer tests, immunomodulatory tests and stability tests. The yield of the extract was 17.5%. The raw material examination of all the materials was in accordance with the literature. The particle size of the nanoparticle solution was 40 nm, that of F0 syrup was 670 nm, and that of F1 syrup was 964 nm. All syrup preparations fell into the nanoparticle size category of 10–1,000 nm. The leukocyte count of the negative control treatment (syrup base) was 5,011 cells/mm³, ...

REVIEW: THE USE OF TOFU RESIDUE IN THE PHARMACEUTICS

2024-01-03T08:26:46+00:00

Tofu is a processed soy product consisting of soft solids made by clumping soy protein extracts. The residual result of tofu processing is called the tofu dredging waste. In Indonesia, tofu waste remains an unsolved problem. Many people argue that the waste from tofu processing (tofu residue waste) does not have high economic value and is only used as feed for livestock and is even thrown carelessly into the river, which causes damage to the ecosystem. Tofu pulp has high nutritional content, such as protein (26.6%), fat (18.3%), carbohydrates (41.3%), phosphorus (0.29%), calcium (0.19%), iron (0.04%), and water (0.09%). The purpose of this journal review is to determine the use of tofu residue waste and solve the problem of tofu residue waste in the community. The method used was collecting various research journals through the Google Scholar website with keywords for the use of tofu residue in the pharmaceutical field. Based on the 7 journals reviewed, tofu pulp can be used as an anti-aging, adsorbent, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, bioethanol, and excipient in tablet production.

Keywords: Tofu, tofu residue, pharmaceutical

EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE USING THE ATC/DD AND DU 90% METHODS IN OUTPATIENT PATIENTS IN PUSKESMAS RI TENAYAN RAYA

2023-12-12T06:28:46+00:00

Infectious diseases are one of the health problem that threaten developing countries, including Indonesia. Riau as one of the provinces with its coastal coverage is not spared from this problem. Inaccurate use of antibiotics is found in the wider community, which can be a cause of negative risks such as antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat diseases caused by microbes. The improper use of antibiotics can lead to a risk of resistance. Resistance can be avoided using antibiotics. This study aimed to classify antibiotic use using ATC codes and determine the quantity of antibiotic use in outpatients by calculating the DDD. This research method was observational, with a descriptive design and retrospective data collection using secondary data by searching medical records. The sample in this study consisted of outpatients at the Tenayan Raya Inpatient Health Center Outpatient Installation between January and December 2022 who received antibiotic therapy with an ATC code and DDD value in accordance with the provisions of the WHO Collaborating Center, using a total sampling technique.The results of the study showed that based on the ATC/DDD and DU 90% methods, there were 3 antibiotics with the highest quantity of use, namely amoxicillin at 165,92 DDD/1000 KPRJ with a percentage of 67,02%, ciprofloxacin at 41,07 DDD/1000 KPRJ with a percentage of 16,59 %, and cefixime as much as 14,69 DDD/1000 KPRJ with a percentage of 5,93%.

Keywords: antibiotics, ATC/DD, DU 90%, resistance

MINI REVIEW: BLACK RICE (Oryza sativa L. Indica) AS POTENTIAL FOOD FOR ANTIHYPERGLYCAEMIC

2024-02-10T09:49:19+00:00

In Indonesia, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has different colors and shapes, visible from the plants and rice. There are several types of rice, one of which is black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica). Researchers are motivated to explore the benefits of black rice in Indonesia. This interest stems from the potential health benefits of black rice, such as its benefits in treating diabetes mellitus. The effectiveness of reducing blood sugar levels is crucial in the context of the increasing prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia, as projected by the International Diabetes Federation for 2045. The author made observations on the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of black rice, aiming to lay the foundation for further study and development. By searching online journals in the Scopus and PubMed databases using the keywords (“Black Rice”) AND (antidiabetic) OR (diabetes) OR (“glucose lowering”) for the last 10 years, the filtering process produced 3 articles on Scopus and 5 articles on PubMed, providing accurate data for review. Results show that black rice contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phytic acid, polyphenolic compounds, and oryzanol, which provide significant health benefits. Anthocyanins, the main compounds responsible for the color of rice, contribute to antihyperglycemic properties and have various pharmacological activities, one of which is anti-diabetic benefits. In addition, the high content of anthocyanins, fiber, and other nutrients in black rice makes it effective in managing the glycemic index, and blood glucose levels, and improving overall health ...

THE EFFECT OF HOME PHARMACY CARE EDUCATION ON BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AND KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS AT KENDALSARI PUBLIC HELATH CENTRE MALANG

2024-02-08T10:14:38+00:00

Hypertension is one of the ten most common degenerative diseases and has a high mortality rate. In 2020, the prevalence of hypertension in Malang City reached 35,641 cases. The role of pharmacists as caregivers in home pharmacy care can help to control hypertension and reduce morbidity. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of home pharmacy care on hypertension patients’ knowledge and blood pressure management. This study used a quantitative experimental design with a Randomized Control Trial method, with a total of 34 respondents divided into 2 groups: the control group and the test group of 17 respondents each. Using an accidental sampling technique. The research location was Kendalsari Public Health Centre Malang in August 2023. Blood pressure data were measured using a tensimeter, and knowledge level data were obtained using a knowledge questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using paired and pooled t-tests. The results of the analysis of the effect of home pharmacy care on the level of patient knowledge about hypertension with a significance value (2tailed) p = 0.000, and analysis of the effect of home pharmacy care on systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a significance value (2tailed) p = 0.030. The results of this study concluded that home pharmacy care for hypertensive patients had a positive effect on blood pressure control and increased knowledge at the Kendalsari Public Health Center, Malang.

Keywords: Home pharmacy care, hypertension, blood pressure control, knowledge level.

MISSENSE MUTATIONS IN THE IRAK1 GENE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

2023-12-14T05:46:24+00:00

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variation in humans. Missense SNPs can change protein structure and function. This study aimed to determine missense SNPs of the IRAK1 gene that can affect the amino acid sequence and lead to changes in protein structure and function, as well as their relationship as a risk factor for SLE. In this in silico method, several bioinformatics tools have been used to identify missense SNPs, including their properties and impacts, as well as their interaction networks with proteins. The tools used were PolyPhenv2, SIFT, PhD-SNP, PROVEAN, SNAP, Panthers, I-Mutant 3.0, and GeneMania. Four missense SNPs, rs11465830, rs1059702, rs1059703, and 10127175, were obtained from the NCBI SNP database. The SIFT test results showed that all the SNPs were tolerant. In the test results obtained using PolyPhen, the four SNPs were benign. The results of the probe test indicated that the four SNPs were neutral. When tested with SNAP, one SNP was neutral, and three others had an impact. In the PhD-SNP test, all SNPs were neutral. In the panther test, all SNPs were benign. The I-mutant assay showed that the four SNPs could decrease protein stability. Tests with GeneMania have reported that most interactions between genes were between IRAK1 and MYD88, and physical interactions were the most dominant form of interaction. Conclusion. rs10127175, rs11465830, rs1059702, and rs1059703 are missense SNPs in IRAK1, which can disrupt protein stability and be a risk factor for SLE.

Keywords: IRAK1, SNP, Missense, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

IDENTIFICATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXICITY OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF Kaempferia galanga RHIZOME

2024-02-12T02:47:54+00:00

The Kencur plant has many benefits, is economically valuable, and is widely cultivated by the local community. The development of kencur compounds has not been carried out optimally because of the relatively high cost of identifying the content of each compound. This study aimed to determine the physiochemical properties of kencur compounds and their pharmacokinetics, as well as the toxicity of the herb kencur rhizome in silico. The method used in this study uses a Marvin sketch to draw the structure of the compound, which was then analyzed using Lipinski to determine its physico-chemical properties. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity analyses were performed using the pKCSM software. The results showed that all compounds followed Lipinski's rules; therefore, predictably, they could be developed into drug molecules from these compounds. In addition, all compounds had fairly high Water Solubility (log S). All HIA compounds were >90%, so they were well absorbed in the intestine and showed good permeability to CaCO-2 with a log Papp value of > 0.90. All the above compounds have low permeability to the skin due to the log Kp value > -2.5, so they are not suitable for transdermal preparations.

Keywords: Physicochemistry, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity, Kencur, In silico

DESIGN OF THE MU DIABETES APPLICATION AS AN EDUCATIONAL METHOD OF TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS BASED ON ANDROID SOFTWARE

2024-02-12T01:33:48+00:00

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition prevalent among individuals. The cornerstone of effective diabetes management is strict adherence to daily medication intake. Deviation from the prescribed medication regimen poses a substantial risk of exacerbating disease and precipitating complications. Recognizing the necessity for educational interventions to bolster medication adherence among individuals with diabetes mellitus, the Mu Diabetes application was developed using the Android software. This research endeavors to devise an application encompassing comprehensive education on type II diabetes mellitus treatment with the primary aim of enhancing medication adherence. Employing a research and development approach, the study entailed designing, coding, and testing the application using the waterfall method and System Usability Scale questionnaire methodology, respectively. The resultant Android-based Mu Diabetes application, as evidenced by the trial outcomes using a Likert scale, yielded an average score of 80. In summary, the findings affirm the feasibility and utility of the Mu Diabetes application as a viable tool for managing type II diabetes mellitus and promoting medication adherence.

Keywords: DM Type II, Drugs, android, application, alarm

FORMULATION AND TESTING OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY COMBINATION OF CALENDULA OIL AND SWEET ORANGE OIL WITH DPPH METHOD

2024-02-16T07:05:09+00:00

Indonesia has many natural ingredients that can be used as primary ingredients for medicines with antioxidant effects. Calendula oil and sweet orange oil have the potential to be antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the stability of cream preparations based on stability test parameters and to determine antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. This study was conducted because the combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil was tested for antioxidant activity and then formulated in cream dosage forms with ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Antioxidant activity tests were carried out using a combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil and a cream preparation of a combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil, which was tested for stability using the cycling test method. Based on the results of the study, the combination of calendula oil and sweet orange oil in a ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 had weak antioxidant activity, as can be seen from the IC50 value of 170.02 ppm, 150.43 ppm, whereas in a 2:1 ratio, it had moderate antioxidant activity because the IC50 value was 143.89 ppm. In the combination cream preparations of calendula oil and sweet orange oil, ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 had weak antioxidant activity. It can be seen from the IC50 value of each preparation, which was 188.85 ppm, 170.01 ppm, and 189.61 ppm.

Keywords: Calendula Oil, Sweet Orange Oil, Antioxidant, Cream, DPPH

TESTING THE ACTIVITY AND FORMULATION OF NATURAL HAND SOAP BASED ON NATURAL SURFACTANTS OF LERAK FRUIT (Sapindus rarak DC.) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

2024-02-21T12:07:35+00:00

Lerak (Sapindus rarak DC.) is a fruit belonging to the Sapindaceae family that usually grows in tropical forests. Lerak fruit flesh contains the main active compound, saponin. Saponin is a natural surfactant with foaming and emulsifying properties. The use of synthetic surfactants in the manufacture of hand soap sold on the market can have negative impacts, such as irritation and denaturation of proteins in the outer epidermis layer in humans if exposed too often. This study aimed to determine whether lerak can be formulated into natural hand soap as a natural surfactant and determine its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Lerak fruit solutions were prepared using a maceration method. The resulting solution was then formulated into hand soap at concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 50%. The evaluation of the natural hand soap preparation from the lerak fruit included organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, foam height, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Based on the research results, Lerak Fruit (Sapindus rarak DC.) can be formulated as a natural surfactant in hand soap at concentrations of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. Based on the evaluation of the physical properties in the foam height test, F1, F2, and F3 met the requirements, whereas F0 did not meet the requirements in the foam stability test because it did not contain lerak fruit extract, so no foam formed ...

CYTOTOXICITY TEST OF N-HEXANE, ETHYL ACETATE, AND WATER FRACTIONS FROM THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF SENDUDUK LEAVES (Melastoma malabathricum L.) ON MCF-7 CELLS USING THE MTT ASSAY METHOD

2024-01-17T04:43:16+00:00

The world's richest flora may be found in Indonesia, where a variety of plants, such as the sesame plant (Melastoma malabathricum L) or MM, may be used to treat cancer. According to earlier studies, the methanol extract of the leaves had a substantial anticancer effect on the MCF-7 cell line, with an IC₅₀ of 7.14 µg/mL. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of senduduk leaf ethanol extracts. Maceration was the extraction technique, partitioning (liquid-liquid extraction) was the fractionation technique, and the MTT method was employed to assess cytotoxic activity. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions showed cytotoxic effects with IC₅₀ values of 137.200 µg/mL, 17.108 µg/mL, and 610.863 µg/mL, respectively. The water and n-hexane fractions were classified as fragile, based on the results of the cytotoxicity test. The ethyl acetate fraction, on the other hand, was added to the active category for suppressing MCF-7 cells.

Keywords: Melastoma malabathricum L, Cytotoxic, Cells, MCF-7, MTT assay

SERUM OF EXTRACT Onchidium Typhae USES HYDROXYETHYL CELLULOSE AND CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE NATRIUM BASE AS ANTIOXIDANT

2024-02-25T06:46:22+00:00

Antioxidants can prevent premature aging (anti-aging) and various types of cancer and increase body immunity. Empirically, Onchidiid slugs have been used as natural antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant potency of the serum of Onchidiid slug ethanolic extract. The Onchidiid slug extract was obtained by maceration and was prepared to create two effective serum formulations. Formula A involved hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), while Formula B employed sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as gelling agent. The second serum formula was rigorously evaluated and subjected to antioxidant activity testing by the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The serum preparation with the best physical properties and antioxidant activity was serum A at a concentration of 1%. Physical test results showed that serum A had a yellow color with a distinctive smell and was homogeneous with a soft texture. The test results for the spreadability and stickiness properties of serum A were 6 cm² and 1'55'' second. The serum A antioxidant activity test results showed moderate free-radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 277 ppm.

Keywords: Anti-aging, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrilhidrazyl, Onchidium typhae, Antioxidant

ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF KEDONGDONG PAGAR LEAVES (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.) ON MALE MICE

2024-02-01T02:49:50+00:00

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition defined as an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) caused by impaired insulin production or insulin action. One of the treatments for diabetes mellitus is the use of medicinal plants because they contain bioactive phytochemicals. Kedongdong pagar leaves (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.) is an empirical medication used to reduce the blood glucose levels in Aceh, Indonesia. The leaves contain flavonoids, which have antioxidant effects that can reduce damage to the pancreatic beta cells. The goal of this study was to examine the antidiabetic impact of an ethanol extract of kedongdong pagar leaves in male mice induced with alloxan to increase blood glucose levels. The test procedure involved splitting 25 mice into five treatment groups, Na-CMC suspension 0.5% w/v, Kedongdong pagar extract with dose 10 mg/kg BW, 20 mg/kg BW, 40 mg/kg BW, and glibenclamide suspension with dose 0.65 mg/kg BW as positive control. The results showed that all ethanolic extracts of Lannea coromandelica had the same potency to lower blood glucose levels in mice, implying that the ethanol extract of Lannea coromandelica leaves had antidiabetic activity due to the presence of antidiabetic compounds such as flavonoids and glycosides.

Keywords: Antidiabetic, Diabetic, Kedongdong Pagar Leaves, Lannea coromandelica.